Dlugosz describes the begining of this shield, without description of the century, only mentions an ancestor Skuba, a very strong man; some say that during Grak reign, who just founded Krakow, Skuba prepared the cow skin putting poison, tar and sulphur into it so it looked like a live cow, and Dlugosz mentions Skuba because he was a shoemaker. About his descendants doesn't write any more except that they were great men, what looking at who this shield belongs to - you will better understand reading about ancestors and their descendants, who I can know in such large kingdom. Descendants of this Skuba, whom Dlugosz mentions, were Skarbkowie (eg. family of Skarbek) from Gora (de Gora) and from those the very first mentioned in the catalogue is:

Michal, whose son Lampart was a Krakow's bishop in 1083, who took this position after holy martyr Stanislaw from Krakow canonry; about him writes that he was "vir modestus, in scripturis sacris et humanis insigniter eruditus". He had been a bishop for 18 years. Died in Krakow in 1101, buried in castle's big church. Lampart took the body of bishop Stanislaw from the Slalka where it had been laying for 10 years and burried it in beautiful grave in the castle. He did it because of the vision of one woman who visited holy martyr's grave very often. Then the next one elected was Czeslaw, but he wasn't confirmed by the legate, so Baldwin Francuz cannon of Stobnica got this chair. This Lampart went to pope to ask him to free Poland from the excommunication for killing holy bishop (Miechowita wrote about it).

Skarbek Jan from Gora, during reign of Boleslaw Krzywousty was sent as a envoy to the emperor Henryk in 1109. Kromer (Cromer) in 5th volumes writes: "Erat ... historia". There is a story about how he strong talked to the emperor: "Ibi ... ". So they call it Abdanki.

Michal Skarbek from Gora, who founded and built the convent of Lubin in 1114. Read about it in Kromer 5th volumes starting with words: "Michael ...". I read about him also in Dlugosz's work as follows: "Singularis ...".

Skarbimierz hetman, mentioned by historician in 1106, who devastated Pomorze and returned to Poland with great gain. The same Skarbimierz when, together with Boleslaw Krzywousty, met 3000 Pomorians against their own 100 horses, fought very bravely, was wounded seriously and lost his right eye, then again went with army to Pomorze land, read more about it in Kromer's and Miechowita's works. This Skarbimierz is also mentioned by Miechowita in his 3rd volumes kap.10 as a hetman on Psie Pole against emperor Henryk. Next he was sent with army to Czech, where he fought luckily and next he became voivode of Krakow and hetman "koronny". He is mentioned by Dlugosz in 5th volumes, letter 120. When he opposed Boleslaw Krzywousty, the king ordered to blind Skarbimierz, but later he regreted what he did and visited holy places as a penance, Miechowita writes about it.

RUSLAUS COMES, on his own estate convent of Sulejow was founded by the Pilica river, as Miechowita writes in books (volumes) 3, and that prince Kazimierz added following villages: Strzelce, Kampa, Puczniow, Milanow, Dabrowa, Baldrzyczow, Gora Bukowa, Szczepanow, Piotrow, Chennasz, Taniow, etc. Jan Skarbek from Gora added few villages to the convent of Pokrzywnica, as Kromer proves in books 6ths, and that this Pokrzywnica was in Sandomierz county, in Krakow diocese by the Pokrzywnica river, founded in 1186 by Kazimierz.

WSZEBOR mentioned by Kromer in books 6ths, because he was a crown hetman during reign of Wladyslaw II.

WLOSTYBOR archbishop of Gniezno, catalogue in 1279 says that he was elected on this post after Marcin Strzemie, who hadn't come from Rome to take this post, he died on his way back. This Wlostybor came from Gniezno deanery, he didn't get confirmation from pope Mikolaj III because of the antipathy of Przemyslaw, prince of Poznan, and he resign from this post; for 5 years there hadn't been a archbishop, and next Jakob Swinka from Porkorya family was appointed.

PETRZYKA DE SKORZEW, according to Dlugosz was a bishop of Poznan, in 1265. He came from Poznan parish, elected with 1 voice, after him was Psalanta from Prus family.

WOJCIECH voivode of Sandomierz, mentions Kromer in books 12ths, who bravely fought the pagans, died being shot by the bow arrow, you will read more in his history.

SKORKOWIE, de Gaj (from Gaj), used to be great people and senators; there was castellan of Kalisz Mikolaj, whose daughter Katarzyna was a duchess of Owienski in 1488, about what read more in Dlugosz's work. Rus prerogatives say that Skarbek from Gora was a governer of this duchy, only one county of Lwow, who together with Wincenty from Szamotuly, Pitr from Smolice, Sieniek from Siennow, ruled those countries alone during an absence of the king in 1436, "Actum et datum Leopoli in crastino Beati Wincentii". This is in their confer letters. That governor's descendants are in Rus: Piotr man very famous; Jan Skarbek in Szaranczuki, man who proudly served for Poland, with his wife Klodnicka from Sas family left son Piotr,"adolescentem aprime nobilem, ex quo optima fruges est speranda", and few daughters; Marusza Baworowska and other girls. He served for his country a lot and with proud during this "interregna", as a true son, bearing big expanses and sending not so small squads against Tatars. Rafal, third brather, who with Ostrowska from Leliwa family left descendants. He fought pagans very bravely, the history will tell you more about it, here we have to be brief. Died 1583. Man who deserves to be remembered forever. Anna Strzyzowa wife of judge of Halicz, sister of these Skarbeks, later married Marcin Wilczek "wojski" of Lwow from Roza family, religious woman.

Konarski family evolved from Skarbek family and still they have that Gora in Wielkopolska, the oligarchy, seconds on Pogorze or Sandomierz land. Kromer talks about one of them, who played dice with polish king or prince Kazimierz Sprawiedliwy (righteous), when king won all his money he slapped the king and went out. Kazimierz wasn't angry at him, more, when others advised king to kill Konarski, the king said that he was thankful to him, because he reminded him not to play improper games. Dlugosz proves these words as follows : "Non comitum ... ".

In my days lived the oligarchy: JERZY KONARSKI voivode of Kalisz, who left 2 sons, Adam the bishop of Poznan after Czarnkowski Andrzej from Nalecz family, and after him Lukasz Koscielecki from Ogonczyk family. Jan castellan of Kalisz, who with Opalinska from Lodzia family, sister of crown marshall and general of Wielkopolska, left as a descendant only one daughter Zborowska, wife of castellan of Gniezno, court hetman of Grudziadz, Odolanow, Wolpin, etc. starost's wife. Jan Konarski the parish of Swiety Michal and cannon of Krakow, who died in 1580, left as a coadjutor on parish Erasmus Debienski, dean of Krakow from Rawa family, son of Walenty Debienski, castellan of Krakow. The body of this Jan Konarski is in Krakow's castle, about which tells this "epitaphium".

Anna Zborowska from the same family, wife of castellan of Krakow, above which grave in the church in Zborowo there is such epitaphium. "Annae ... posuerunt".

At the same place there are also these words:

Old family of Chojenski, also in Wielkopolska, as catalogue says Jan Chojenski was a bishop of Krakow in 1538. Kromer writes about him in books 5ths, describing his life very colorfully, where he writes about Skarbek from the same family from the same Gora, who was sent by Boleslaw Krzywousty to emperor Henryk. He was deputy of crown chancellor,"vir...". Read about it more in the history. He is also mentioned by Filip Padniewski bishop of Krakow in his books, entilted "Elogia", with following words. His body is burried in Krakow's castle, above which this "epitaphium":

Family of Baczacki is very old, whose men blood was not enough, we can read about it in differnet stories, they loved their fatherland, as he recalls first:

GABRYEL who was a starost of Kamieniec in 1260.
MIKOLAJ voivode of Podole, recalled in many stories and crown prerogatives.
JERZY and JAN, who were killed by Wal(l)achians (Wolosi), they are mentioned very much in stories.
MICHAL BUCZACKI castellan of Halicz is mentioned in many notes, he is also mentioned probably by Kromer in books 29, letter 452; Michal Buczacki is also mentioned by the same historian in books 21 with piteous words : "Ibi...". You can read about him in many other places in the history. About Michal Buczacki starost of Sniatyn read Kromer's books 28, whom he recalls because of his courage and fame.
TEODOR who was a governer of Podole province during the king Wladyslaw reign, is mentioned by Kromer in books 22, letter 512. And books 20. In these books the historician writes about him: " Quos ... ". And in many other places in the history you will read about him. JAKOB bishop of Plock, and many other noble-minded people from this family, and meritorious for Rzeczpospolita (Poland), are mentioned in many stories, prerogatives, and other notes as magnates.

Jazlowiecki family are from Buczac, but only because of women in this family this Buczac was theirs. In my days Jerzy was a voivode of Rus and crown hetman of Lubaczow, of Sniatyn, starost of Czerwonogrod, who served much for the fatherland. When he was a hetman the enemy could never come to Rus, what happened many times after his death; we will talk about it below. He was an envoy to turkish emperors from the king August. No other hetman led the army against the enemy as far as he did. And it was in 1571. Hearing about strong pagans coming from Moscow with great gains, fearing that they could do harm to his fatherland, he went on May 16 that year and was going against them as far as to Kijow (Kiev). He came to Miedzyborze on 22, to Chmielnik on 23. Next they spent a night near Ulanow leaving Chmielnik on 28. There was only 3 miles to the border, not the border of all the countries in polish kingdom but polish crown only, in Dabrowa Slobodyska, 1 mile from Chmielnik to Biala Cerkiew were ranges: Kozuchowa Dabrowa, small town of Slobodyska, Chorostenka, Wzerazne, Wiwa river, Rohozno, Poddorochami grove where Tatars liked to come to, and our army also (who was the first ?), Kamienica river, Rastawica river, where famous man Strus was killed. They came to Biala Cerkiew on June 3, there they were going through the ranges, first grave-mound Perepetowo, Mihalhowa Dabrowa, Kolicianka, Stuhna, Borszczowka, Wijeta, Horodyszcze, Kijow, and from Chmielnik to Kijow there was 47 "podole" miles. This Kijow city has rivers close to each other, Dniepr, Psiol, Orynin, Trypol, Tasmin, Rossawa, Prypet, Mosna, Ros. They left Kijow on June 18, went through the fields towards Ingulec and big Ingul, waiting were advancing through these ranges. Ahead Nastaska, Stuhna, Hankowa, Olszanica, Krasnaja river, Katanlyk, Ressawa, where Tatar's route falls into Ros, Ostrik, Kurhan, guarding by Kijow's guard, Jawlodowa valley, Krasny Ryg, Bajeraki, Bojatyna, Miedwieze "holowy"(?), Prohi "narosy"(?), Horodyszcze, Korson, Olszanka, Olszanica, Sacharow, Kurhan, Hromosibnoje, Perenothe Lebidynskoje, big tatar track, three Tasliki, Lebedyn, where they left the camp, and after they had changed the cloths they went through the fields and ranges towards Jasmin, Holy forest, Las "nierubajek"(?), Tasmin upper, Kosenki, Czarny forest from Lebedowo, Ingulce, Three baths, Ingul, Boltoskowa forest, without Bajaraka 2 miles. There they turned to Cyrkasy, crssed the Tasmin river,16 miles to Cyhryn.There was a new castle, called Kitaj Horodek, Cyrkasy founded by Ostafiej. The enemy had come so far making great harm to the knights so finally they escaped. They turned to Kaniow 7 miles, and took this route, crossing the rivers when possible : Czartowaja, Mohila, Skaratul, Ostafiowe Kolodezy, Radymanow, Pereaslan, Horodyszcze, Treboszny. They had come to Kaniow on July 11, to Biala Cerkiew 12 miles. From Bezbajeraki 7 days on foot to saven Bajerakis. From there 1 day on foot to Pieszczany Brod, and from there close to Bukowoje Bajeraki. They crossed the rivers Nieprze, Bazawluk, which is 35 miles from Cyrkasy, Bielo Ozerski 47 miles from Cyrkasy, Chortycza 40 miles. They had come to Pikowo, town of Filon Kmita Czarnobilski voivode of Smolensk etc. on July 14. To Chmielnik, next to Winnice on 20 of the same month. To Bar on 22. Next everybody to his own home. Some people were complaining because of all the damages his soldiers had done, doubting that Tatars went away because of him, but others who knew everything very well were giving evidence in his favour. But according to common story that one who has damage has also sin because of worry people classify their guilt as guilty or non guilty. In many places you will read about this good hetman and true lover of rzplta (eg Rzeczpospolita, eg.Poland), things which should make him unforgettable.

He with his wife Tarlowna from Topor family left following descendants:

• Michal starost of Chmielnik, short man but with a great and lucky heart (spirit) against great enemy. Died in 1582.
• Mikolaj starost of Sniatyn, who as a young man served to fatherland and Rzeczpospolita, paying big price for it. He captured Jankula with his many knights, and brought them to Lwow, where his head was cut off on king Stefan's order, we will talk about it.
• Andrzej starost of Czerwonogrod, who died early.
• Hieronim and few daughters, first - wife of Marcin Czurylo captain of hourse, about whom you will read where we talk about Wreby, next - Wolska in Podchajce, and other girls.

Bialobrzeski family in province of Sandomierz, from which there had been also many famous men, in my days those people had been notable, 2 brothers, first Marcin Bialobrzeski the bishop of Kamieniec, the abbot of Mogilno, righteous and exemplary bishop. We will find out soon what he was doing as a bishop; what he had done to Rzeczpospolita - also we'll find out soon. He was representing 2 states the clergy as well as the laic state from Krakow province as a deputy to king Henryk's election in Warszawa, 2 times, before to Stezyce, he had also been a deputy to convocation in Proszowice, deputy to regional council (sejmik) from Krakow's chapter together with "skolastyk" Marcin Izbinski from Rusiec from Roza family representative of new confederation, had given a very long and brave speach . Then he was as envoy from the whole Rzeczpospolita to emperor Maxymilian with legation, telling him about the already elected king Stefan, and asking him not to do anything to people who had separated from them, not to invade the kingdom which many were forcing him to invade, etc. You will read more about it in the history. Then he went to Hungary sent by the king Stefan, to be at the funeral of Krzysztof Batory the voivode of Siedmiogrod, Stefan's brother. This (Bialobrzeski) serving for the Rzeczpospolita and the king his lord, cared very much about his priestly office, not doing anything else, as a righteous bishop and examplary priest; he was writing many books needed to make people's life better, as it is shown in poems by Andrzej Trzecieski, nobleman from the old polish family, from Strzemie family, the king secretary. It begins with speaking highly of his family and his noble birth, then good education and development of services for Rzeczpospolita, what you will better understand by reading the poem which begins with these words.

Stanislaw Bialobrzeski abbot of Jedrzejow, the brother of the above mentioned bishop, who hadn't betrayed ancestors of his shield, "humanitate et liberalitate" to everybody, not only to great people but also to the people of the last class, he had been a great teacher and "giver", always respecting his post and vocation.

The old family of Slumowski, from which in my days Stanislaw was a arcbishop of Lwow, righteous bishop, a man of great religiousness and the fear of God. Died in 1573.

The old family of Pekoslawski in province of Sandomierz, they come from Pekoslawie, in my days there was Stanislaw Pekoslawski notable man, who had been a soldier for a long time at great hetman Jerzy Jazlowiecki, then near Gdansk had foot and horse army units (rota) from the bishop of Krakow Krasinski from Slepowron family, which he voluntarily sent to the king as a laver of the fatherland. He was so good and brave with his unit that the king made him an older over entrenchments. Later after Gdansk humiliation the king sent him with his unit to Podole to fight against Tatars. Next without resting when the war with Moscow had broken, he served there and near Gdansk; he had a horse army unit, made entrenchments (fought) near Polock and Luki, and also near many castles, so he was aworded, first he was given mercenary's pay and next Margeburg and Aszkand.

Cieklinski family from Podgorze region (lower mountains) is old and noble, in Krosno's monks there is such epitaphium about one of them: "Generosus dominus Slanislaus Cieklinski ... die 23 Julii". His brother Mikolaj was a burgrave of Krakow, worthy fellow, who in his youth served very much for the Rzeczpospolita, being at Osiecki crown chancellor. Andrzej, Mikolaj's son-in-law, who "multorum hominum mores vidit et urbes", cannon of Krakokw, "vir gravis prudens", first was an older servant at Piotr Zborowski Krakow's voivode, starost, general. Then after his death was a marshall at Piotr Myszkowski, who was a son of above mentioned Stanislaw. This is a very noble and big family, from which had been many knightly and noble men.

The old family of Suchodolski in Sandomierz district, from which in my days Mikolaj was a starost in Kiesia, born in Marnawa, old polish kings' captain of horse, he used to fight very bravely a lot against the enemies of polish kings and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. First he was besieged in Kiesia in 1578 for a few weeks,but he bore that situation very well, he made a stand against the enemy, until king's people came with help, they beat Moscow, captured the cannons, about what you can find more where we talk about Lithuanian shields, he had taken many important captives, as "kniaz" (e.g. Ukrainian or Lithuanian prince) Obolinski, Kierzepolski, and others. Many times he was loyal to the king his lord and always had been righteous man, taking captives, he did not let the food to be brought to Moscow's castles, which wasn't easy and was on his high expences, keeping calvary unit on his own expences. Other his contributions which he used to undertake you will see later and in more details, his shield is Abdank and Pobog after his mother.

Family of Rogowski in Sandomierz province, in Radom district, one was a abbot of Sieciechow, about whom "epitaphium" in the cloister there says as follows:

Beneath it is another iscription for the other Rogowski as follows:

He was a famous man and a good soldier. His brother Mikolaj, who with Siedlecka Anna left sons and daughters. Stanislaw the 3rd brother, who had bought the land in Chelm region.

Family of Pietraszewski in Sandomierz province is old and notable. Jan was a deputy of starost (podstarosci) of Oswiecim, the very good man to serve to Rzeczpospolita in my days, righteous Abdankan, "cordatus et liberalis".

Beszewski family in Sandomierz province.

Borzykowski family from Borzykowa in Sieradz province, from which Fryderyk was a parish-priest of Stembor, righteous and religeous priest.

Family of Przezwycki was old and notable from Leczyca province; in Sandomierz region there was N. who had bought the land there, he did not have any children, was a man of great righteousness and religieousness, very good for Rzeczpospolita.

Radzanowski in Wislica district, in Sandomierz province.

Milkowski in Sandomierz province, old and notable family.

Jugoszewski also there, old and notable family.

Klonowski in Radom district, in Sandomierz province.

Kowalski old and notable family.

Dunikowski from Przemysl region, old and notable family.

Bystrzejowski from Lublin province, notable family.

Dlot(o) also there (Lublin) old and notable family.

Czarkowscy from Drogicz region, old and notable family.

Wojewodski from Podlasze, old family.

Mikolajewski from Gniezno, Szczycienski, Malczewski, also there, old families.

Roguski from Rohatyn, in Rus and Mazowsze.

Kajmir in Lukow district, brothers of great harmony and love, it would be difficult to find such another.

The old family of Chorynski in Koscian district, who lost Chorynia as follows. Szymon Chorynski had 5 sons with his 2 wifes; those sons with the first wife were great men, one was Jakob who used to have big rotas (rota = in XVI-XVIII centuries army unit 80-300 people) under Ludwig the king of Hungary, killed there by Turks. Wojciech also was a knight, died serving to Opalinski Piotr the quinn's chamberlain. Jan the 3rd brother, after the death of their father they borrowed big money from Brodnicki from Lodzia family and repayed their stepmother, Lucka, who had also 2 sons with their father Szymon; one was Marcin who was killed near Koscian and Maciej who after his brother's death sold his and his brother's parts to those Brodnicki. With those money, serving to chamberlain Opalinski, got married in Poznan, left 2 sons, Chrzysztof and Tomasz, at that time "minorenes".

Rogozniski in Sieradz province old family.

Kunicki in Wielkopolska. In Sroda the altar was fouded by dean Razek from this shield,about what the inscription there says. "Hoc opus constructum expensis venerabilis Dni Joannis Razek decani srzeden., ac vita deceden., anno 1543". He also fouded other ornaments to this church; 2 shields Abdank and Koraab.

Skoroszewski in Wielkopolska, in Poznan region; one of them was captured by Turks in 1572, I do not know whether or not he was freed, but I met him there, and found out what family he was from. Olbrycht Oborski from this shield, as a captain of horse under the king Stefan used to fight very much, near Kiesia, Polock, and castle of Sokol. He had taken many captives for the king his lord, near Lenwart, Jaskarat, his valour and fame were very well known on emperors' and christian kings' courts. Bialoskorski in Plock province, from which one was in Lwow region, great man, used to be a field writer there and was a captain of horse.

Wolczek used to be so called in Chelm region, but their family name was actually Rokuc,from which one was a famous captain of horse in my days.

Borzyminski in Dobrzyn region was an old family.

Bielenski from which one was a captain of horse in Tykocin.

Czelatycki in Przemysl region who use this shield.

Wazenski in Plock province.

Dabrowski in Sieradz province, who use this shield, others use Roza shield, as you will read below in seconds volumes.

Kozubski in Sieradz region; in my days Bernat was a great man, with his wife Anna Kurpiowna from Slepowrin family left 5 very good sons and daughters. With them together Magnuski from the same district.

Psarski, I don't know which province they come from, and only in Gniezno there is an epitaphium which tells about one of them as follows: "Hic ... Domini 1567".

Leszczynski; one of them was a writer of a town in Plock, second his brother was a cannon there.

The old family of Mlynkowski in Wielkoposka.

Warzycki in Leczyca region.

Wojenkowski also there. In Krakow's castle there is an epitaphium on the grave, on which there is an Abdank and following text: "Generoso Domino Gallo ratiborien, wladario cracowien, memoria bene merita posuit, anno Domini 1515".

Piotr Machowski who with his wife Jordanowa left 2 sons; in my days they had been great knights, they spent their youth in Podole region. Older Stanislaw with his wife Z(i)elinska from Ciolek family left descendants . Jan his brother, famous man, who used to fight in Hungary and other places, also with his wife with Z(i)elinska left descendants, the sister of mentioned above.

Dlugosz writes about it that ancestors of this shield used to be "modesti", you will read about them and their descendants very short, what I know about them in such a big kingdom.

The most catalogue says about JAKOB the bishop of Plock, who was "secretorum et palatii aostolici auditor famosus". He became a bishop in 1397 after the death of Mamphiol from Alabanda family, which means the horse's head inside the moon. He was a son of Floryan from Kurdwanow village, in Krakow region. First he was a vicar in Biala, one day goiong to Ilkusz he was asking God to help him so he could lern. One day he prayed as he used to do regulary, and when finished he saw on the altar a big sack full of money in which there was 100 "grzywien" (old polish money), he took it, thanked the God and went to Bolonia, and he hadn't returned to Poland until he came as a bishop of Plock with pope's confirmation. He gave some gold to make "imaginem Jesu Christi Salvatoris nostri". And 72 "imafines discipulorum" in silver. And he had given many other jewels to the Plock's church. He had lived as a bishop for 28 years. Died in 1425 on Sunday in May, burries there in Plock, after him the next bishop was Stanislaw from Pierzchala family.

The auther writes about this Jakob that he had regained for Plock's church many tithes which had been collecting by land-lords and nobility . The old family of Grocholski in Sandomierz province, who reminds "fundus" in Grocholice's church, which was leased by Piotr Zborowski. There is also "epitaphia" there which agrees with the fond in following words: "Jacobus Grocholski canonicus cracoviensis, et Andreas fratres germani de Grocholicae me fieri fecerunt, anno 1460".

There are also their graves there in front of the big altar on the stones, and the shield of Syrokomla dated 1583.

Swieszkowski in Sandomierz province, the old and notable family in my days, and as I think they come from the same district as Grocholski do. Stefanowski from Sandomierz province, from which Jan was a writer at the treasure in my days, the righteous, diligent and scholar man, so he was in good graces of the king Stefan. His mother was Mlodziejewska from Slepowron family, the sister of Jacynt the crown Treasurer, about whom you have read under Slepowron.

Zoledz in town of Halicz in Rus region, notable men and big family; their ancestor, when Turks were near Lwow, when he had found out that they had killed his brother, he jumped between pagans and bravely knocked one off his horse with the spear, and jumped to the other with the sword, while another Turk attacked him from behind and had cut off his head; he had stil gone for a half of the "staja", waved the sword 3 times and then fell down from his horse. The third brather, being with the 3rd regiment, when he had found out about it, he took Zawisza from Sas family with him, and having 100 horses he had forayed and defeated those Turks as much as the Turks had never come to Poland again.

The old Chybicki family in Sandomierz province with notable men; Wojciech Chybicki in Lithuania at Chlebowicz the treasurer of that duchy was an older servant, who used to fight with the enemy many times and very bravely, before and when the king Stefan was fighting Moscow with sword and fire, had taken many castles, and Inflanty land etc. You can read about it in the history.

Many other families who evolved from Habdank, use this shield instead of their own, considering it more respectable and older, and actually it is so old that nobody can tell for sure about its beginning; but this cross was added to the shield for great merits of one of the ancestors of this shield, as you can read in "Gniazdo cnoty".

There are many other families in other provinces, which I don't know in such a big kingdom.

Translations from Herby rycerstwa polskiego [Coats of arms of Polish knights] by Bartosz Paprocki, 1584.

Translation by Slawomir Sieminski.

Copyright © 1998-2014 H. S. Magnuski
Updated 2014-05-11 hankm@mtinet.com